{"id":1055,"date":"2021-06-25T01:12:31","date_gmt":"2021-06-24T23:12:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bhakademiker.org\/?page_id=1055"},"modified":"2021-06-27T21:47:31","modified_gmt":"2021-06-27T19:47:31","slug":"bosnier-unter-den-osmanen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bhakademiker.org\/bs\/bosnier-unter-den-osmanen\/","title":{"rendered":"Bosna u osmanskom carstvu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bosna u osmanskom carstvu<\/h3>\n\t
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Iako je\u00a0<\/span>kraljevina Bosna<\/b>\u00a0osvojena od strane Osmana 1463 godine, sjeverne teritorije su bile zauzimane od strane ma\u0111arskog kralja Matthiasa. Nakon odlu\u010duju\u0107e bitke kod Mohacs-a 1526, Osmani su potukli ma\u0111arsku armiju i kona\u010dno ih protjerali.<\/span><\/p>\n

Iako su Bosnom sada vladali muslimani, Osmani nisu imali prvenstveni cilj ljudima naturiti islamsku vjeru, ve\u0107 da zadr\u017ee teritoriju pod osmanskom vla\u0161\u0107u. Ljudima hri\u0161\u0107anima ili jevrejima, bilo je dopu\u0161teno da i dalje njeguju svoju vjeru.\u00a0<\/span>christlichen oder j\u00fcdischen<\/b>\u00a0Bilo je \u010dak dopu\u0161teno da hri\u0161\u0107anin bude spahija, a da ne mora vjeru da promijeni, sve dok je lojalan osmanskom carstvu. Osmanski feudalni sistem je od po\u010detka bio preuzet i koristen u Bosni.<\/span><\/p>\n

Svaki\u00a0<\/span>Sand\u017eak<\/b>\u00a0je bio dodu\u0161e veliki region u osmanskom carstvu, ali je bio dio Vilajeta \u2013 najve\u0107e konstitutivne jedinice carstva. Prvi Sand\u017eak koji je bio osnovan nakon osvajanja Bosne , bila je sama Bosna sa administrativnim sjedi\u0161tem najprije u\u00a0<\/span>Sarajevu (do 1553), zatim Banja Luka (do 1639),<\/b>zatim opet Sarajevo (do 1690) i na kraju Travnik.\u00a0<\/span>Banja Luka (bis 1639)<\/b>, dann wieder in\u00a0<\/span>Sarajevo (bis in die 1690er Jahre)<\/b>\u00a0und schlie\u00dflich in\u00a0<\/span>Travnik<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zvorni\u010dki Sand\u017eak je kasnije osnovan, kao i hercegova\u010dki Sand\u017eak 1470. Ovaj i drugi Sand\u017eaci u grani\u010dnim zemljama su bili sastavni dio rumelijskog \u201eEyaleta\u201c ( nakon administrativne reforme 1867, Eyalet se zove Vilajet) do 1580 godine, dok nije odluka pala da se od ovih Sand\u017eaka konstituise novi Vilajet \u2013 bosanski Vilajet. Time je nastala jedna jedinica koja je obuhvatala teritoriju sada\u0161nje Bosne i Hercegovine, kao i teritorije dijelova Slavonije, Hrvatske,Dalmacije i Srbije.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vec je poznato da dolazak Osmana u 15. Stolje\u0107u nije bio prvi kontakt Bosne i Islama. Da su muslimani postali ve\u0107ina u Bosni tokom 150 godina procesa prelaska ljudi na islam, svjedo\u010de \u201eDefteri\u201c tog vremena. Time se dokazuje da su mnoge teorije o islamiziranju Bosne potpuno pogre\u0161ne. Neke od njih neutemeljeno govore o masovnom naseljavanju muslimana izvana ili o prisilnom konvertiranju prvih godina nakon osmanskog osvajanja. Iako nedostaje dokazni materijal koji svjedo\u010di li\u010dno poriv ljudi o prelasku na islam, postoje komentari koji kazuju da su ljudi prelazili na islam iz sopstvene volje.<\/span><\/p>\n

Oni gradovi koji su postajali sjedi\u0161ta sand\u017ea\u010dkih bega, kao Banja Luka, Travnik ili Livno, vrlo brzo su poprimili muslimanski karakter, dok je taj razvoj u ostalim dijelovima i\u0161ao sporije. U gradovima Mostar i Sarajevo, koji su se od sredine 15.stolje\u0107a jako brzo razvijali, islam je bio prisutan od po\u010detka. Brzina tog razvoja je bila zadivljuju\u0107a.<\/span><\/p>\n

U prvih 15 godina Osmani su izgradili d\u017eamiju, hamam, most preko Miljacke i veliku pijacu u centru grada. Iako je veliki dio grada izgorio radi upada madjara 1480 godine, grad se vrlo brzo oporavio i pro\u0161irio.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sarajevo je u svom procvatu pod upravom Gazi Husrev bega, koji je pored izgradnje poznate d\u017eamije (Begova d\u017eamija) u starom gradu, osnovao biblioteku, hamam, bezistan (gradska pijaca). 1530 godine u Sarajevu je bilo 6 mostova, 6 hamama, 3 bezistana, vise biblioteka, 5 medresa, vi\u0161e od 90 \u0161kola (mekteba) i preko 100 d\u017eamija.<\/p>\n

17. i 18. stolje\u0107e je tako\u0111er bilo obilje\u017eeno ratovima. Jedan od najva\u017enijih ratova od kojeg se osmansko carstvo nije oporavilo, bio je rat protiv Habsburga od 1683 do 1699. Mada su Osmani potisnuli Habsburge, ugovor iz 1699 (Sremski Karlovci) pokazuje da Osmani gube primat u Evropi. Ma\u0111arska je pripala Habsburgu, a Veneciji je pripala Dalmacija i Gr\u010dka. Slijede\u0107i rat koji je slijedio par godina kasnije, ponovno je nagrizao osmansko carstvo i ugovorom iz 1718 godine (Pozarevac) Austrija dobija dio bosanske teritorije na sjeveru do Save i na jugu Dalmaciju.<\/p>\n

Ponovno Austrija kr\u0161i ugovor i 1736 ulazi u Bosnu misle\u0107i da \u0107e lahko da osvoji teritoriju. Me\u0111utim, Ali-pa\u0161a je potukao austrijsku vojsku u ratu kod Banja Luke, \u010dime Austrija odustaje od daljih poku\u0161aja i Bosna skoro 50 godina nije vi\u0161e bila napadana. Slijede\u0107i rat 1788 imao je drugu dimenziju. Bio je ve\u0107 plan da se osmansko carstvo na Balkanu podijeli izme\u0111u Austrije i Rusije. No prije nego se mogao u\u010dvrstiti taj plan, me\u0111unarodni sistem se promijenio sa Napoleonovim ratovima. Kad su se Francuzi kona\u010dno povukli iz \u201cIlirskih provincija\u201d 1813 godine, ponovno je nastupila austrijska vlast.<\/span><\/p>\n

Als der Vertrag von Passarowitz seitens \u00d6sterreichs im Jahre 1736 verletzt wurde und die Habsburger in Bosnien eindrangen, vermuteten sie einen raschen Sieg. Sie hatten jedoch nicht mit <\/span>Hekim-oglu Ali-pa\u0161a<\/b> gerechnet, der mit gro\u00dfer Geschicklichkeit die Verteidigung organisierte. Im darauffolgenden Jahr besiegte er die \u00f6sterreichische Armee in der <\/span>Schlacht von Banja Luka<\/b> und die \u00d6sterreicher verzichteten auf das gesamte Gebiet s\u00fcdlich des Flusses Sava, abgesehen von einer Festung, woraus die n\u00f6rdliche Grenze Bosniens resultierte. In den n\u00e4chsten 50 Jahren erlitt Bosnien keine ausl\u00e4ndischen Invasionen, aber der Krieg, der 1788 begann, enthielt nun eine ernstere politische Dimension als seine Vorg\u00e4nger.<\/span><\/p>\n

Es gab nun den Plan, die osmanischen Gebiete auf dem Balkan zu \u00fcbernehmen und sie daraufhin zwischen den christlichen Reichen \u00d6sterreich und Russland aufzuteilen. Bereits Anfang 1788 marschierten die <\/span>\u00d6sterreicher in Bosnien<\/b> ein, wurden jedoch nicht als \u201eBefreier\u201c willkommen gehei\u00dfen. Bevor allerdings das \u201epolitische Muster\u201c des 19. Jahrhunderts vollkommen gebildet werden konnte, gab es durch die napoleonischen Kriege eine massive Unterbrechung des internationalen Systems. Als sich schlie\u00dflich die Franzosen im Jahre 1813 von den \u201eIllyrischen Provinzen\u201c zur\u00fcckzogen, wurde die \u00f6sterreichische Herrschaft wieder aufgenommen.<\/span>
\n<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

Literatura:<\/b>
\n<\/span>Noel Malcolm: Bosnia. A short History. London: Papermac 1994.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Bosnien unter den Osmanen Obwohl das\u00a0K\u00f6nigreich Bosnien\u00a0bereits im Jahre 1463 von den Osmanen erobert wurde, wurden die n\u00f6rdlichen Territorien vom ungarischen K\u00f6nig Matthias eingenommen. Nachdem die Osmanen die ungarische Armee in der verh\u00e4ngnisvollen Schlacht von Moh\u00e1cs im Jahr 1526 zerschlagen hatten, wurden die Ungarn endg\u00fcltig vertrieben. Obwohl Bosnien nun von Muslimen regiert wurde, verfolgten die Osmanen nicht vordergr\u00fcndig das Ziel, den dort lebenden Menschen den islamischen Glauben aufzudr\u00e4ngen. Vor allem wollten sie das Territorium unter osmanischer Herrschaft behalten.\u00a0 Menschen\u00a0christlichen oder j\u00fcdischen\u00a0Glaubens war es nach wie vor erlaubt, ihre Religion auszu\u00fcben. Es war beispielsweise m\u00f6glich, dass ein Christ zum Spahi wurde,...","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1055","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nBosnier unter den Osmanen - Gesellschaft Bosnischer Akademiker<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bhakademiker.org\/bs\/bosnier-unter-den-osmanen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"bs_BA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bosnier unter den Osmanen - Gesellschaft Bosnischer Akademiker\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bhakademiker.org\/bs\/bosnier-unter-den-osmanen\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Gesellschaft Bosnischer Akademiker\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-06-27T19:47:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bhakademiker.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/featured-GBAA.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minuta\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bhakademiker.org\/de\/bosnier-unter-den-osmanen\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bhakademiker.org\/de\/bosnier-unter-den-osmanen\/\",\"name\":\"Bosnier unter den Osmanen - 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